TYPE 1--PARENTING:

Assist families with parenting and child-rearing skills, understanding child and adolescent development, and setting home conditions that support children as students at each age and grade level. Assist schools in understanding families.

SAMPLE PRACTICES

• Workshops, videotapes, computerized phone messages on parenting and child development at each age and grade level
• Parent education and other courses or training for parents (e.g., GED, family literacy, college or training programs)
• Family support programs to assist families with health, nutrition, and parenting, including clothing swap shops, food co-ops, parent-to-parent groups
• Home visiting programs or neighborhood meetings to help families understand schools and to help schools understand families
• Annual survey for families to share information about their children's goals, strengths, and special talents

CHALLENGES

• Provide information to all families who want it or who need it, not just to the few who attend workshops or meetings at the school building.
• Enable families to share information with schools about background, culture, children's talents, goals, and needs.
• Make all information for families clear, usable, age-appropriate, and linked to children's success.

REDEFINITIONS

"Workshop" is not only a meeting on a topic held at the school building at a particular time, but also the content of a topic to be viewed, heard, or read at convenient times and varied locations.

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR STUDENTS

• Awareness of family supervision
• Respect for parents
• Positive personal qualities, habits, beliefs, and values taught by family
• Balance between time spent on chores, other activities, and homework
• Regular attendance
• Awareness of importance of school

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR PARENTS

• Self-confidence about parenting
• Knowledge of child and adolescent development
• Adjustments in home environment as children proceed through school
• Awareness of own and others' challenges in parenting
• Feeling of support from school and other parents

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR TEACHERS

• Understanding of families' backgrounds, cultures, concerns, goals, needs, and views of their children
• Respect for families' strengths and efforts
• Understanding student diversity
• Awareness of own skills to share information on child development

TYPE 2--COMMUNICATING:

Communicate with families about school programs and student progress through effective school-to-home and home-to-school communications.

SAMPLE PRACTICES

• Conferences with every parent at least once a year with follow-ups as needed
• Language translators to assist families as needed
• Folders of student work sent home weekly or monthly for parent review and comments
• Parent and student pickup of report cards
• Regular schedule of useful notices, memos, phone calls, and other communications
• Effective newsletters including information about questions, reactions, and suggestions
• Clear information about choosing schools, and selecting courses, programs, and activities within schools
• Clear information on all school policies, programs, reforms, assessments, and transitions
• Annual survey of families on students' needs and families' suggestions and reactions to school programs

CHALLENGES

• Make all memos, notices, and other print and non-print communications clear and understandable for all families.
• Consider parents who do not speak English well, do not read well, or need large type.
• Obtain ideas from families to improve the design and content of major communications such as newsletters, report cards, and conference schedules.
• Establish an easy-to-use two-way channel for communications from school-to-home and from home-to-school.

REDEFINITIONS

"Communications about school programs and student progress" are not only from school-to-home but also include two-way, three-way, and many-way channels of communication connect schools, families, students, and the community.

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR STUDENTS

• Awareness of own progress in subjects and skills
• Knowledge of actions needed to maintain or improve grades
• Understanding school programs and policies
• Informed decisions about courses and programs
• Awareness of own role as courier and communicator in school-family partnerships

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR PARENTS

• Understanding school programs and policies
• Monitoring and awareness of child's progress in subjects and skills
• Responses to student problems
• Ease of interactions and communications with school and teachers
High rating of school quality

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR TEACHERS

• Diversity of communications with families
• Ability to communicate clearly
• Use of network of parents to communicate with all families
• Ability to understand family views and elicit help with children's progress

TYPE 3--VOLUNTEERING:

Improve recruitment, training, work, and schedules to involve families as volunteers and audiences at the school or in other locations to support students and school programs.

SAMPLE PRACTICES

• Annual survey to identify interests, talents, and availability of volunteers
• Parent room or family center for volunteer work, meetings, and resources for families
• Class parent, telephone tree, or other structures to provide all families with needed information
• Parent patrols to increase school safety
• Annual review of schedules for students' performances, games, and assemblies to encourage all families to attend as daytime and evening audiences

CHALLENGES

• Recruit widely for volunteers so that all families know that their time and talents are welcome.
• Make flexible schedules for volunteers, assemblies, and events to enable working parents to participate.
• Provide training for volunteers, and match time and talent with school needs.

REDEFINITIONS

"Volunteer" not only means those who come to school during the day, but also those who support school goals and children's learning in any way, at any place, and at any time.

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR STUDENTS

• Skills in communicating with adults
• Skills that are tutored or taught by volunteers
• Awareness of many skills, talents, occupations, and contributions of parents and other volunteers

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR PARENTS

• Understanding the teacher's job
• Self-confidence about ability to work in school and with children
• Awareness that families are welcome and valued at school
• Specific skills of volunteer work
• Use of school activities at home
• Enrollment in programs to improve own education

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR TEACHERS

• Organization, training, and use of volunteers
• Readiness to involve families in new ways, including those who do not volunteer at school
• Awareness of parents' talents and interests in school and children
• Individual attention to students because of help from volunteers

TYPE 4--LEARNING AT HOME:

Involve families with their children in learning activities at home, including homework and other curriculum-linked activities and decisions.

SAMPLE PRACTICES

• Information for families on required skills in all subjects at each grade
• Information on homework policies and how to monitor and discuss schoolwork at home
• Information on how to assist students with skills that they need to improve
• Regular schedule of interactive homework that requires students to demonstrate and discuss what they are learning in class
• Calendars with daily or weekly activities for parents and students to do at home or in the community
• Summer learning packets or activities
• Family participation in helping students set academic goals each year and plan for college or work.

CHALLENGES

• Design and implement a regular schedule of interactive homework (e.g., weekly or bi-monthly) for which students take responsibility to discuss important things they are learning with their families.
• Coordinate family-linked interactive homework assignments if students have several teachers.
• Involve families and their children in all important curriculum-related decisions.

REDEFINITIONS

"Homework" not only means work that students do alone, but also interactive activities that students share with others at home or in the community, linking schoolwork to real life.

"Help" at home means how families encourage, listen, react, praise, guide, monitor, and discuss schoolwork with their children, not how they "teach" children school skills.

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR STUDENTS

• Skills, abilities, and tests scores linked to homework and classwork
• Homework completion
• Positive attitude about homework and school
View of parent as more similar to teacher and of home as more similar to school
• Self-confidence in ability as learner

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR PARENTS

• Knowledge of how to support, encourage, and help student at home each year
• Discussions of school, classwork, homework, and future plans
• Understanding of instructional program and what child is learning in each subject
• Appreciation of teacher's skill
• Awareness of child as a learner

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR TEACHERS

• Varied designs of homework, including interactive assignments
• Respect of family time
• Recognition of helpfulness of single-parent, dual-income, and all families in motivating and reinforcing student learning
• Satisfaction with family involvement and support

TYPE 5--DECISION MAKING:

Include families as participants in school decisions, governance, and advocacy through PTA/PTO, school councils, committees, and other parent organizations.

SAMPLE PRACTICES

• Active PTA/PTO or other parent organizations, advisory councils, or committees (e.g., curriculum, safety, personnel) for parent leadership and participation
• Action Team for School, Family, and Community Partnerships to oversee the development of the school's program with practices for all six types of involvement
• District-level advisory councils and committees
• Information on school or local elections for school representatives
• Networks to link all families with parent representatives
• Independent advocacy groups to lobby for school reform and improvements

CHALLENGES

• Include parent leaders from all racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and other groups in the school.
• Offer training to enable parent leaders to develop skills to serve as representatives of other families.
• Include student representatives along with parents in decision-making groups.

REDEFINITIONS

"Decision making" means a process of partnership, of shared views and actions toward shared goals, not just a power struggle between conflicting ideas.

Parent "leader" means a representative who shares information with and obtains ideas from other families and community members, not just a parent who attends school meetings.

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR STUDENTS

• Awareness of representation of families in school decisions
• Understanding that student rights are protected
• Specific benefits linked to policies enacted by parent organizations

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR PARENTS

• Input into policies that affect children's education
• Feeling of ownership of school
• Awareness of parents' voices in school decisions
• Shared experiences and connections with other families
• Awareness of school, district, and state policies

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR TEACHERS

• Awareness of perspectives of families in policy development and school decisions
• Acceptance of equality of family representatives on school committees and in leadership roles

TYPE 6--COLLABORATING WITH THE COMMUNITY:

Coordinate resources and services for families, students, and the school with businesses, agencies, and other groups, and provide services to the community.

SAMPLE PRACTICES

• Information for students and families on community health, cultural, recreational, social support, and other programs or services
• Information on community activities that link to learning skills and talents, including summer programs for students
• "One-stop" shopping for family services through partnerships of school, counseling, health, recreation, job training, and other agencies
• Service to the community by students, families, and schools (e.g., recycling projects; art, music, drama, and activities for senior citizens; tutoring or coaching programs
• Participation of alumni in school programs for students
• School-business partnerships

CHALLENGES

• Solve turf problems of roles, responsibilities, funds, and places for collaborative activities.
• Inform all families and students about community programs and services.
• Assure equal opportunities for students and families to obtain services or participate in community programs.
• Match business and community volunteers and resources with school goals.

REDEFINITIONS

"Community" means not only the neighborhoods where students' homes and schools are located, but also all neighborhoods or locations that influence their learning and development.

"Community" is rated not only by low or high social or economic qualities, but also by strengths and talents available to support students, families, and schools.

"Community" includes not only families with children in the schools, but also all who are interested in and affected by the quality of education.

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR STUDENTS

• Skills and talents from enriched curricular and extracurricular experiences
• Knowledge and exploration of careers and options for future education and work
• Self-confidence and feeling value and belonging in the community
• Positive relationships with adults in the community

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR PARENTS

• Knowledge and use of local resources to increase skills and talents or to obtain needed services
• Interactions with other families in community activities
• Awareness of community's contributions to the school
• Participation in activities to strengthen the community

SAMPLE RESULTS FOR TEACHERS

• Knowledge and use of community resources to enrich curriculum and instruction
• Skill in working with mentors, business partners, community volunteers, and others to assist students and teaching practice
• Knowledge of referral processes for families and children with needs for specific services